Tell Me, By Whom Was Carthage Destroyed?

SCENARIO

Imagine you are with a relative, a friend or a colleague. You are talking about history/ historical knowledge. Maybe you are preparing to take part in some sort of quiz by asking each other quiz-like questions. At some point, the other person says to you something like: "tell me, by whom was Carthage destroyed?".

In Spanish, he/ she could choose to be less formal and say to you:

Dime, ¿por quién fue destruida Cartago?

On the other hand, he/ she could choose to be more formal and say to you:

Dígame, ¿por quién fue destruida Cartago?

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OUR TIP

The question is an invitation for you to say who destroyed the city of Carthage. When stating a fact about an historical event such as this one, you DO NOT need to be concerned about the level of formality in the other person's question. Your main concern should be about saying something about that historical event. The question is being posed in this manner to illustrate the use of the Spanish verb “ser” in passive voice constructions. You may choose to use passive voice in you answer, but you don't have to.

• Here are some examples of how you could reply:
  • Cartago fue destruida* por los romanos (Carthage was destroyed by the Romans);
  • Creo que Cartago fue destruida* por los romanos (I believe that Carthage was destroyed by the Romans);
  • No sé por quien fue destruida* Cartago (I don't know by whom Carthage was destroyed);
  • Los romanos destruyeron Cartago (the Romans destroyed Carthage);
  • Creo que los romanos destruyeron Cartago (I believe the Romans destroyed Carthage);
  • No sé quien destruyó Cartago (I don't know who destroyed Carthage);

Now you should practise replying to someone who says to you:

Dime, ¿por quién fue destruida Cartago?

*Please see grammar below

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Grammar-”Ser”

The English verb to be has two corresponding verbs in Spanish, “ser” and “estar”. When to use “ser” and when to use “estar” often causes some confusion amongst learners of Spanish. This post deals with the uses of “ser”. A separate series of blog posts is dedicated to the uses of “estar”.

In this post we look at a number of situations in which “ser” is commonly used. “ser” is commonly used in the following cases:

1. Generic Characteristics

We commonly use “ser” with generic describing words/ adjectives. That is, “ser” is used to refer to characteristics which are considered an inseparable part of the nature of a person or thing. It is perhaps for this reason why it is often said that “ser” should be used to describe permanent* features of a person or thing.

• Some of the features or characteristics in this category are:
  • Nationality;
  • Religion;
  • Gender ;
  • Colour;
  • Race/ ethnicity;
  • Other general characteristics, such as large, small, tall, short, ugly, beautiful, heavy, light, easy, difficult, etc;

• Some examples of the use of “ser” with characteristics like these are:
  • Soy español (I am Spanish);
  • ¿La palabra casa es de género femenino? (is the word 'casa' is feminine?);
  • María es guapa (Maria is pretty);
  • La montaña es alta (the mountain is tall);
  • El español es fácil (Spanish is easy);
  • El coche es rojo (the car is red);
  • La casa es grande (the house is big);
  • Somos todos indígenas (we are all natives);
  • Sois todos muy altos (you are all very tall);
  • John y Ann son escoceses (John and Ann are Scottish);

*NB It should be noted that permanent does not mean unchangeable. A good example of this is a person's nationality. A person's nationality may change with time. In some cases you may even end up with more than one nationality. What permanent means is that a nationality is something that you will always have. Something similar can be said about other generic characteristics such as: gender, colour, religion, race/ ethnicity, and other general characteristics such as the ones referred to by adjectives such as large, small, tall, short, etc.

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2. Origin

We commonly use “ser” to indicate the origin of someone or something. That is, “ser” is used to refer to the place someone or something originates/ comes from.

• Origin may be indicated by using expressions of form “ser de”, with:
  • Proper nouns (names of countries/ regions/ cities/ etc.);
  • Common nouns, such as: mar (sea), río (river), etc. ;
  • Adverbs of place, such as: aquí (here), ahí (there), allí (there), etc.;

• Some examples of the use of “ser de” to indicate origin are:
  • Soy de aquí (I am/ come from here);
  • ¿Eres de Barcelona? (are you from Barcelona?);
  • El pescado es de río (the fish is a river fish);
  • El pollo es de granja (the chicken is farmed);
  • Somos de Andalucía (we are/ come from Andalucía);
  • ¿Sois todos de Cádiz? (are you all from Cadiz?);
  • John y Ann son de Glasgow (John and Ann are/ come from Glasgow);

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3. Professions/ Occupations

We commonly use “ser” with describing words/ adjectives which indicate the profession/ occupation of someone. That is, “ser” is used to describe what someone does by way of occupation/ profession/ other activities.

• Some examples of the use of “ser” in expressions of this type are:
  • Soy enfermero (I am a* nurse- male);
  • ¿Eres enfermera? (are you a* nurse- female?);
  • Pedro es abogado (Pedro is a* lawyer/ solicitor/ attorney);
  • María es abogada (María is a* lawyer/ solicitor/ attorney);
  • Somos estudiantes (we are students);
  • ¿Sois todos gerentes? (are you all managers?);
  • John y Ann son arquitectos (John and Ann are architects);

*NB Please note that the English preposition “a” is omitted in Spanish.

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4. Ownership/ Possession

We commonly use “ser” to indicate ownership/ possession. That is, “ser” is used to link owners to their possessions.

• Ownership may typically be indicated by using expressions of form “ser”, with either:
  • A possessive, such as: mío (my/ mine), tuyo (your/ yours), suyo (his/ her/ it's), etc.;
  • Preposition “de” with a noun;

• Some examples of the use of “ser” to indicate ownership/ possession are:
  • Esta casa es mía (this house is mine);
  • Ese coche es de Pedro (that car is Pedro's);
  • Los libros son de George? (the books belong to George);

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5. Support/ Following

We commonly use “ser” to indicate following/ support. That is, “ser” is commonly used to indicate the team someone supports.

• Support/ following may be indicated using expressions of form “ser del”, with:
  • The name of a team/ club/ or similar;

• Some examples of the use of “ser del” to indicate support/ following are:
  • Soy del Barcelona (I support Barcelona FC);
  • ¿Eres del Liverpool? (do you support Liverpool FC?);
  • Pedro es del Madrid (Pedro supports Real Madrid FC);
  • No todos somos del mismo equipo (we don't all support the same team);
  • Vosotros sois del Chelsea, ¿no? (you support Chelsea, don't you?);
  • John y Ann son del Arsenal (John and Ann support Arsenal);

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6. Material

We commonly use “ser” to indicate the material something is made of. That is, “ser” is commonly used to describe things in terms of the material they are made of.

• What things are made of may be indicated by using expressions of form “ser de”, with a noun:
  • Typically, the name of a material, such as plástico (plastic), cuero (leather), oro (gold), etc.;

• Some examples of the use of “ser de” to indicate what things are made of are:
  • No soy de piedra (I am not made of stone/ I also have feelings);
  • Este reloj es de oro (this is a gold watch);
  • El vestido es de algodón (the dress is cotton );
  • La chaqueta es de piel (the jacket is leather);
  • Somos de carne y hueso (we are flesh and bone/ like everybody else/ we have feelings);
  • Los cubiertos son de plástico (the cutlery is plastic);

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7. The Time

We commonly use “ser” to ask and give the time.

• A common expression used to ask the time is:
  • ¿Qué hora es?

• Common expressions used to give the time begin with:
  • Es la...
  • Son las...

• Some examples of the use of “ser” to give the time are:
  • Es la una y veinte (it is twenty past one);
  • Es la una menos cinco (it is five to one);
  • Son las tres y media (it is half past three);
  • Son las siete menos diez (it is ten to seven);

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8. Passive Voice Constructions

Passive voice constructions, although perhaps less common in Spanish than they are in English, are nonetheless very similar in both languages. In Spanish, “ser” is used as an auxiliary verb in some passive voice constructions.

• Some examples of the use of “ser” in passive voice constructions are:
  • Fui multado por la policía de tráfico (I was fined by the traffic police);
  • ¿Fuiste despachado por esa dependienta? (were you attended by that sales assistant?);
  • El Quijote fue escrito por Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote was written by Miguel de Cervantes);
  • ¿Fuisteis llamados por la empresa? (were you called by your employer?);
  • Esos libros fueron comprados por mi padre (those books were bought by my father);

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9. Where

We commonly use “ser” to indicate the whereabouts of an event. That is, “ser” is commonly used to indicate where something takes place.

• The whereabouts of an event may typically be indicated using expressions involving “ser”, with:
  • Preposition “en” and the names of places;
  • Adverbs of place, such as: aquí (here), ahí (there), allí (there), etc.;

• Some examples of the use of “ser” to indicate what things are made of are:
  • La reunión es en mi despacho (the meeting is in my office);
  • La fiesta era en tu casa (the party was in your house);
  • El estreno será en Nueva York (the premiere will be in New York);
  • El baile será aquí (the dance will be here);

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10. When

We commonly use “ser” to indicate the time of an event. That is, “ser” is commonly used to indicate when something takes place.

• The time of an event may typically be indicated using expressions involving “ser”, with:
  • Preposition “en” and a month/ year/ season/ etc;
  • Definite article “el” and a day of the week/ day of the month/ a date;
  • Expressions such as “la semana que viene”/ “la semana pasada”/ etc.;
  • “a la... ” and an hour (one);
  • “a las...” and any hour, other than one;
  • “por la mañana/ tarde/ noche”
  • Adverbs of time, such as: ahora (now), mañana (tomorrow), después (later), etc.;

• Some examples of the use of “ser” to indicate the time of an event:
  • Mi cumpleaños es en febrero (my birthday is in February);
  • La fiesta fue el domingo (the party was on Sunday);
  • La fiesta es la semana que viene (the party is next week);
  • Viernes Santo fue el seis de abril (Good Friday was on April the sixth);
  • La salida es a la una menos diez (the departure is at ten to one);
  • La llegada es a la una y media (the arrival is at half past one);
  • La reunión es a las tres (the meeting is at three o'clock);
  • El baile es por la noche (the dance is in the evening);
  • El cumpleaños de Pedro es hoy (Pedro's birthday is today);

Now you should practise the uses of “ser” with some examples of your own.

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Tell Me, "Las Meninas" Was Painted By Whom?

SCENARIO

Imagine you are with a relative, a friend or a colleague. You are both in the Prado Museum in Madrid. You are looking at the painting “Las Meninas” by the Spanish master Diego Velázquez. The other person is not sure about the painter of that work and says to you something like: "tell me, “Las Meninas” was painted by whom?".

In Spanish, he/ she could choose to be less formal and say to you:

Dime, ¿Las Meninas por quien fue pintado?

On the other hand, he/ she could choose to be more formal and say to you:

Dígame, ¿Las Meninas por quien fue pintado?

---

OUR TIP

The question is an invitation for you to state the painter of the work in question. When you state the painter of a work of art, you DO NOT need to be concerned about the level of formality in the other person's question. Your main concern should be about communicating who the painter is. Perhaps you want to say that:

• It was painted by a well known master;
• You don't know who the painter was;

Here are a couple of examples of what you could say:

• Las Meninas fue pintado por* Diego Velázquez (La Meninas was painted by Diego Velázquez);
• No sé por* quien fue pintado el cuadro de las Meninas (I don't know who it was painted by);

Now you should practice replying to someone who says to you:

Dime, ¿Las Meninas por quien fue pintado?

*Please see grammar below

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Grammar-”POR”

The use of “por” and “para” often causes some confusion amongst learners of Spanish. This post deals with the uses of “por”. A separate series of blog posts is dedicated to the uses of “para”.

In this post we look at a number of situations in which “por” is commonly used. “Por” is commonly used in the following cases:

1. Passive Voice Constructions

Passive voice constructions, although perhaps less common in Spanish than they are in English, are nonetheless very similar in both languages.

In Spanish, “por” is used in passive voice constructions very much as “by” is used in the English counterparts. That is, “por” is placed before the agent in Spanish passive voice constructions.

Some examples of the use of “por” in passive voice constructions are shown below:

• Fui multado por la policía de tráfico (I was fined by the traffic police);
• ¿Fuiste despachado por esa dependienta? (were you attended by that sales assistant?);
• El Quijote fue escrito por Miguel de Cervantes (Don Quixote was written by Miguel de Cervantes);
• ¿Fuisteis llamados por la empresa? (were you called by your employer?);
• Esos libros fueron comprados por mi padre (those books were bought by my father);

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2. Motives

In Spanish “por” is be used to express the motive or justification for some actions or events. Typical expressions of motive or justification could be:

• <someone does something> because of <something/ some action>;
• <something happens> because of <something/ some action>;

Examples of the use of “por” in this type of expression are shown below:

• No puedo viajar por falta de dinero (I cannot travel because of the lack of money);
• Perdiste el tren por haber llegado tarde (you missed the train because of arriving late);
• Pedro no nos escribió por falta de tiempo (Pedro didn't write to us because of lack of time);
• Fuimos al gimnasio por necesidad (we went to the gym because we needed to do it);
• Por una estupidez perdisteis un buen amigo (because of something stupid you lost a good friend);
• Por el calor que hacía se desencadenó una enorme tormenta (because of the hot weather a huge storm developed);

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3. Places

In Spanish “por” is often used with the names of places or objects with the following typical meanings:

• With verbs such as “ir”/ “venir”/ “volver”/ “pasar” and other similar verbs, “por” is placed before the name of a place or an object to mean “through”. For example:
  • Este tren pasa por Madrid (this train passes through Madrid);
  • Ese vuelo va por Barcelona (that flight goes via Barcelona);
  • Pasamos por el puente (we went over the bridge);
  • Volvimos a casa por el parque (we returned home through/ via the park);
  • El agua pasa por la tubería (water flows through the pipe);
• With verbs such as “atravesar”/ “cruzar” and similar verbs, “por” is placed before a name of a place or an object to mean “through”. For example:
  • Cruzamos la calle por el paso de peatones (we crossed the road by the pedestrian crossing);
  • Atravesamos Londres por el centro (we crossed London through the centre);

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4. Places - Whereabaouts

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “estar”/ “encontrarse” and similar verbs, to indicate the location of something without giving specific details.

For example:

• ¿Tu casa está por aquí? (is your house around here?);
• Mis libros están por ahí (my books are in/ around there);
• Las mejores tiendas se encuentran por el centro (the best shops are around he centre);
• Andamos por Londres (we are in/ around London);
• Paseamos por el parque (we had a walk in/ around the park);

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5. Holding/ Grabbing

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “agarrar”/ “sujetar”/ “tener” and similar verbs, to indicate the specific part “by” which something or someone is grabbed/ held/ handled/ etc..

For example:

• Tengo la raqueta por el cuello (I have the racket by the neck – of the racket!);
• Pedro me agarró por el brazo (Pedro grabbed me by the arm);
• Sujetar la olla por las asas (hold the pot by the handles);

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6. Favour

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “hacer”/ “votar” and many similar verbs, to express what is done “for the sake of”/ “in favour of” someone or something.

For example:

• Esta casa la compramos por mi madre (we bought this house for the sake of my mother);
• Hice lo que hice por María (I did what I did for the sake of Maria);
• No sé por quien voy a votar (I am not sure who I am going to vote for);

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7. Time Periods

In Spanish “por” is often used with undetermined or general time periods. In such cases, “por” expresses the time period “during” which an action takes place/ something happens.

For example:

• Estudio español por las tardes (I study Spanish in/ during the afternoons);
• Por Semana Santa nos gusta ir a España (we like going to Spain at/ during Easter);
• Por enero casi siempre hace mucho frío (in/ during January it is almost always very cold);

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8. Perception

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “tener”/ “tomar”/ “dar” and similar verbs, to express what is considered perception, opinion or reputation.

For example:

• Mis amigos me tienen por loco (my friends' opinion is that I am crazy);
• ¿Por quien me tomas? (who do you think I am?/ what do you take me for?);
• Te dan por muy buen profesor (you have the reputation of a very good teacher/ in other people's opinion you are a very good teacher);
• Eso lo doy por hecho (for me, that is as good as done);

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9. Communications

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “hablar”/ “enviar”/ “comunicarse” and similar, to indicate the means “by” which communication takes place.

For example:

• Hablé con Pedro por teléfono (I spoke to Pedro on the phone/ by means of the phone);
• ¿Me enviste ese documento por correo? (did you put that document in the post for me?/ did you send it to me by means of the posted mail?);
• Nos comunicamos por señas (we communicate by means of sign language);
• La carta nos la enviaron por correo aéreo (they sent us the letter by air mail);

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10. Prices & Other Mounts

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “comprar”/ “cambiar”/ “dar” and similar verbs to express amounts in exchanges/ commercial transactions.

For example:

• Compré un par de zapatos por quince euros (I bought a pair of shoes for 15 euros);
• Cambié la moto vieja por una nueva (I exchanged my old motorbike for a new one);
• ¿Me das tu abrigo por el mío? (will you give me your coat for mine?);

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11. Proxies

In Spanish “por” is often used to express an action by proxy , that is an action “on behalf of” someone else.

For example:

• Esta carta la escribí por mi madre (I wrote this letter on behalf of my mother);
• Será mejor que hable por ti tu abogado (it would be better if your lawyer spoke on your behalf);

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12. Rates/ Frequencies/ Percentages

In Spanish “por” is often used to express all sorts of rates and frequencies.

For example:

• Íbamos a cien kilómetros por hora (we were travelling at 100 Km/hour);
• Practico español cinco veces por semana (I practice Spanish 5 times per week);
• Esa inversión me deja un siete por ciento annual de beneficios (that investment gives me an annual profit of 7%);

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13. Future

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “estar”/ “quedar”and similar verbs, to express actions or events which are expected to occur in the future or actions which are ongoing but still to be completed.

For example:

• Ese tren todavía está por llegar (that train is still to arrive);
• Aun nos quedan plazas por cubrir? (we still have some vacancies to fill);
• Mis deberes aun están por acabar (my homework is still not finished);

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14. Errands

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “ir”/ “mandar”and similar verbs, to express the objectives of an errand.

For example:

• Voy por el periódico (I am going to get the paper);
• Nos mandaron por pan (they sent us to fetch some bread);
• Pasamos por ti a las ocho (we'll come to pick you up at 8:00);

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15. Pointless Action

In Spanish “por” is often used in between two appearances of the same verb, with the verb which follows it in infinitive. This construction is used in Spanish to express some pointless or futile action. That is something done just “for the sake of it”, with no other intended purpose.

For example:

• Hablar por hablar (talk for the sake of talking – no other purpose);
• Si me llamas por llamar no llames (if you are calling me just for the sake of it, don't call);
• Creo que me escribes por escribir (I believe you are writing to me just for the sake of it);

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16. In The Mood

In Spanish “por” is often used with verbs such as “estar” and followed by another verb in infinitive to express a mood or inclination to do something.

For example:

• Estoy por tomarme un café (I feel like a coffee/ in the mood to have a coffee);
• Estamos por ir al cine (we feel like going to the cinema);

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17. Gratitude

In Spanish “por” is often used after “gracias” to express gratitude for something.

For example:

• Gracias por la ayuda (thank you for your help);
• Gracias por venir a visitarnos (thank you for coming to visit us);

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18. Idiomatic Expressions

“Por” is used in many idiomatic expressions. A sample of them, with relevant examples is shown below:

• Por adelantado (in advance);
  • Example: Te envío el dinero por adelantado (I am sending you the money in advance);
• Por ahora (for the time being);
  • Example: Por ahora no me hace falta nada (I don't need anything for the time being);
• Por allí (around there/ that way);
  • Example: Por allí se va a la estación (that is the way to the station);
• Por aquí (around here/ this way);
  • Example: Pasen por aquí, por favor (this way, please);
• Por casualidad (by chance);
  • Example: nos vimos por casualidad (we saw each other by chance);
• Por cien (percent);
  • Example: A mi me correspodió el veinte por cien (20% was my share);
• Por ciento (percent);
  • Example: A mi me correspodió el veinte por ciento (20% was my share);
• Por cierto (as a certainty/ by the way);
  • Example: Eso lo damos por cierto (we take that as a certainty);
  • Exampe: Por cierto, ¿cuándo empieza la película? (by the way, when does the film begin?);
• Por completo (completely);
  • Example: Eso lo desconozco por completo (I am completely in the dark about that/ I have no knowledge of it);
• Por dentro (in the inside)
  • Example: El barril hay que limpiarlo por dentro (the barrel needs to be cleaned in the inside);
• Por desgracia (unfortunately);
  • Example: Por desgracia llegamos tarde (unfortunately we arrived late);
• Por ejemplo (for example);
  • Example: Por ejemplo, así es como se hace (for example, you should do it this way);
• Por el amor de Dios (for the love of God);
  • Example: Por el amor de Dios, no lo hagas (for the love of God don't do it);
• Por eso (for that reason);
  • Example: Hay muchos accidentes en carretera. Por eso no me gusta ir en coche (there are lots of traffic accidents. It is for that reason that I don't like travelling by car);
• Por favor (please);
  • Example: Por favor, no molestar (please do not disturb);
• Por fin (at last);
  • Example: Por fin hemos llegado (we have arrived at last);
• Por fuera (on the outside);
  • Example: La casa hay que limpiarla por fuera (the house needs to be cleaned on the outside);
• Por fuerza (by force/ unavoidably);
  • Example: Derribaron la puerta y entraron por fuerza (they knocked down the door and got in by force);
  • Example: Por fuerza tuvimos que bajar del tren (we had no option but to get off the train);
• Por las buenas (voluntarily/ avoiding confrontation/ with good will));
  • Example: Por las buenas hago cualquier cosa (voluntarily/ avoiding confrontation I could be amenable to do anything);
• Por las malas (by force);
  • Example: Por las malas no hay quien consiga nada de él (by force it is impossible to get him to do anything);
• Por lo general (generally);
  • Example: Por lo general, los domingos no se trabaja (generally, we don't work on Sundays);
• Por lo menos (at least);
  • Example: Por lo menos no tenemos que madrugar (at least we don't have to get up early);
• Por lo tanto (consequently);
  • Example: Estamos de vacaciones, por lo tanto no trabajamos (we are on holiday, consequently, we don't work);
• Por lo visto (apparently)
  • Example: Por lo visto no han llegado todavía (apparently they haven't arrived yet);
• Por medio de (by means of):
  • Example: El río se cruza por medio de una barca (the river is crossed by means of a boat);
• Por mi parte (as for me/ as far as I am concerned);
  • Example: Por mi parte, lo dejamos así (as far as I am concerned, we can leave it like so);
• Por ningún lado (nowhere/ anywhere)
  • Example: No encuentro a tu hermano por ningún lado (I cannot find your brother anywhere);
  • Example: Tu hermano no parece estar por ningún lado (your brother is nowhere to be seen);
• Por ninguna parte (nowhere/ anywhere)
  • Example: No encuentro a tu hermano por ninguna parte (I cannot find your brother anywhere);
  • Example: Tu hermano no parece estar por ninguna parte (your brother is nowhere to be seen);
• Por otra parte (on the other hand);
  • Example: Por otra parte, lo que me dicen no tiene sentido (on the other hand, what they tell me makes no sense);
• Por primera vez (for the first time);
  • Example: Visitamos Madrid por primera vez (we visited Madrid for the first time);
• ¿Por qué? (why?);
  • Example: ¿Por qué estudias español? (why are you studying Spanish?);
• Por que (so that);
  • Example: Haré todo lo posible por que no tengas que salir (I will do all I can so that you don't have to go out);
• Porque (because);
  • Example: No lo hago porque no puedo (I am not doing it because I can't);
• Por separado (separately);
  • Example: Lavar por separado la ropa de color (wash coloured clothes separately);
• Por si acaso (just in case);
  • Example: Voy a llevar el paraguas por si acaso (I am taking the umbrella just in case);
• Por suerte (fortunately);
  • Example: Por suerte llegamos a tiempo (fortunately, we arrived on time);
• Por supuesto (of course);
  • Example: Por supuesto que lo haré (of course I will do it);
• Por todas partes (everywhere);
  • Example: Buscamos a tu hermano por todas partes (we looked for your brother everywhere);
• Por todo lo alto (no expense spared);
  • Example: Celebré mi cumpleaños por todo lo alto (I spared no expense to celebrate my birthday);
• Por todos lados (everywhere);
  • Example: Buscamos a tu hermano por todos lados (we looked for your brother everywhere);
• Por último (finally);
  • Example: Por último nos despedimos (finally, we said goodbye);

Now you should practise the uses of “por” with some examples of your own.

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