Thursday 31 January 2013

Were There Many Pubs In That Town?


SCENARIO
Imagine you are talking to a relative, a friend or a work colleague. You are talking about a past event/ activity. The event/ activity in question relates to a town you visited at some time in the past. You are talking about some of the peculiarities of that town. At some point, the other person says to you something like: "were there many pubs in that town?"

In Spanish, the other person could say:
¿Había muchos bares en aquel pueblo?


OUR TIP
The question is an invitation for you to say whether or not there were many bars in the town in question. Here are some examples of how you could reply:

  • Sí, había muchos bares en aquel pueblo (yes, there were many pubs in that town);
  • Había algunos bares en aquel pueblo (there were some pubs in that town);
  • No, había muy pocos bares en aquel pueblo (no, there were very few pubs in that town);
  • No, no había bares en aquel pueblo (no, there were no pubs in that town);
  • No, no había ningún bar en aquel pueblo (no, there weren't any pubs in that town);


Now you should practise answering the question:
¿Había muchos bares en aquel pueblo?

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Wednesday 30 January 2013

Tell Me, Where Did You Use To Go To On Sundays?


SCENARIO
Imagine you are with a relative, a friend or a colleague. You are talking about past activities. Maybe you are reminiscing. At some point, the other person says to you something like: "tell me, where did you use to go to on Sundays?".

In Spanish, he/ she could choose to be less formal and say to you:
Dime, ¿adónde solías ir los domingos?

On the other hand, he/ she could choose to be more formal and say to you:
Dígame, ¿adónde solía ir (usted) los domingos?


OUR TIP
The question is an invitation for you to talk about things you used to do habitually in the past. When you say what you used to do in the past, you do not need to be concerned about the level of formality in the other person's question. Your main concern should be about saying what you did use to do.

Here are some examples of how you could reply:
  • Los domingos solía* ir al cine (on Sundays I used to go to the cinema);
  • Había* veces que iba* a pasear por la sierra (there were times when I used to go walking in the hills);
  • Otras veces iba* a ver a mis padres (other times, I used to go to visit my parents);
  • Algunas veces me quedaba* en casa y descanasaba* (sometimes I stayed at home and had a rest);

Now you should practise replying to someone who says to you:
Dime, ¿adónde solías ir los domingos?

*Please see grammar below

Grammar-The Imperfect
When talking about actions or events in the past in English you would use the simple past or past continuous tense, in Spanish you must choose between using the imperfect or using the preterite.

In this post we look at a number of situations in which the imperfect is commonly used. The imperfect is commonly used in the following cases:

    1. Describing What Was Happening
In Spanish, we commonly use the imperfect to describe what was happening* at the time when a particular event or action occurred.

  • Some examples of the use of the imperfect in such situations are:
    • Desayunaba cuando llamaste (I was having breakfast when you called);
    • Estaba desayunando cuando llamaste (I was having breakfast when you called);
    • Aún dormías cuando salimos (you were still sleeping when we left);
    • Aún estabas durmiendo cuando salimos (you were still sleeping when we left);
    • María leía cuando la vi (Maria was reading when I saw her);
    • María estaba leyendo cuando la vi (Maria was reading when I saw her);
    • Nevaba cuando salimos (it was snowing when we left);
    • Nos despertábamos cuando llamaron (we were wakening up when they called);
    • Aún dormíais cuando salimos (you- plural were still sleeping when we left);
    • Aún estabais durmiendo cuando salimos (you- plural were still sleeping when we left);
    • John y Ann salían cuando los vimos (John and Ann were leaving when we saw them);

*NB It should be noted that, although a continuous past tense would be used in English in these cases, the ordinary imperfect or the imperfect continuous could be used in Spanish (see examples above).


    2. Ongoing Actions In The Past
In Spanish, we commonly use the imperfect for ongoing actions/ events in the past*. These are actions which were ongoing (completion not clear) and refer to a period of time in the past which is not clearly specified.

  • Some examples of the use of the imperfect in such situations are:
  • (Yo) tomaba el sol (I was sunbathing);
  • (Yo) estaba tomando el sol (I was sunbathing);
  • Caminabas por la calle, ¿verdad? (you were walking about the street, weren't you?);
  • Estabas caminando por la calle, ¿verdad? (you were walking about the street, weren't you?);
  • Pedro comía un bocadillo (Pedro was eating a sandwich);
  • Pedro estaba comiendo un bocadillo (Pedro was eating a sandwich);
  • Llovía a cántaros (it was raining cats and dogs);
  • Estaba lloviendo a cántaros (it was raining cats and dogs);
  • Hablábamos por teléfono (we were talking on the phone);
  • Estábamos hablando por teléfono (we were talking on the phone);
  • Salíais del aeropuerto (you were coming out of the airport);
  • Estabais saliendo del aeropuerto (you were coming out of the airport);
  • John y Ann vivían juntos (John and Ann were living together);
  • John y Ann estaban viviendo juntos (John and Ann were living together);

*NB It should be noted that, although a continuous past tense would be used in English in these cases, the ordinary imperfect or the imperfect continuous could be used in Spanish (see examples above).

    3. Setting The Scene (Past)
In Spanish, we commonly use the imperfect for setting the scene and describing situations in the past*. Again, these are situations in which actions/ events are ongoing (completion not clear) and refer to an period of time in the past which is not clearly specified.

  • Some examples of the use of the imperfect in such situations are:
  • Hacía calor y tenía sed (it was hot and I was thirsty);
  • Llovía y tenías frío. (it was raining and you were feeling cold);
  • Pedro no soñaba, tenía una pesadilla (Pedro wasn't dreaming, he was having a nightmare);
  • Queríamos descansar y no había donde (we were wanting to have a rest and there was nowhere suitable);
  • Teníais sed y no había agua (you were feeling thirsty and there was no water);
  • John y Ann caminaban juntos, no querían separarse (John and Ann were walking together, they didn't want to be separated);

*NB It should be noted that, although a continuous past tense would often be used in English in these cases, the ordinary imperfect would often be used in Spanish (see examples above).

4. Habitual/ Repeated Actions In The Past
In Spanish, we commonly use the imperfect for habitual or repeated actions in the past. These actions or events correspond to English expressions such as used to, often, seldom or similar, when used in reference to the past.

  • Some examples of the use of the imperfect in such situations are:
  • Los fines de semana casi nunca tenía que trabajar (I seldom had to work weekends);
  • Los lunes entrabas a trabajar a las siete de la mañana, ¿no? (on Mondays you used to start work at 7:00 AM, didn't you);
  • Pedro iba a ver a sus padres casi todos los días (Pedro used to visit his parents almost everyday);
  • En enero antes hacía más frío (in the past, in January it used to be colder);
  • Solíamos ir a la playa los fines de semana (we often used to go to the beach at weekends);
  • En el verano ibais a España, ¿verdad? (in the summer you- plural used to go to Spain, didn't you?);
  • John y Ann casi nunca iban de paseo (John and Ann almost never went for a walk);


5. Polite Requests
In Spanish, we commonly use the imperfect in expressions referring to polite requests (expressions which often involve the Spanish verb “querer”).

  • Some examples of the use of the imperfect in such situations are:
  • Quería un café con leche (I would like a white coffee);
  • ¿Qué querías? (what would you like?- informal);
  • ¿Qué quería (usted)? (what would you like?- formal);
  • ¿Qué quería Pedro? (what would Pedro like?);
  • Pedro quería un café con leche (Pedro would like a white coffee);
  • Queríamos dos cafés con leche (we would like two white coffees);
  • ¿Qué queríais? (what would you- plural like?- informal);
  • ¿Qué querían (ustedes)? (what would you- plural like?- formal);
  • John y Ann querían dos cafés con leche (John and Ann would like two white coffees);



6. Time Expressions
In Spanish, we commonly use the imperfect in time expressions whereas in English the tense used would be the pluperfect.

  • Some examples of the use of the imperfect in such situations are:
  • Esperaba que me llamases desde hace unos días (For several days I had been hoping that you would call me);
  • ¿Desde cuando esperabas esa carta? (how long had you been waiting for that letter?);
  • Pedro quería que le llamases hace horas (Pedro had wanted you to call hours ago);
  • Teníamos ganas de ir a España hace años (we had wanted to visit Spain years ago);
  • ¿Desde cuando esperabais esa carta? (how long had you- plural been waiting for that letter?);
  • John y Ann tenían pensado salir desde que llegaron (John and Ann had planned to go out since the minute they arrived);


Now you should practise the uses of the imperfect with some examples of your own.


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Tuesday 29 January 2013

Gripe


Today's WOTD is: "gripe"* = flu/ influenza
Image source: Google images


In Spanish, “gripe” is a feminine noun of French origin, which means flu/ influenza.



*NB In some parts of the Spanish-speaking world, the noun “gripa” is used instead.


Some commonly used expression with the word “gripe”are:
  • Coger** la gripe (to catch the flu/ go down with the flu/ influenza);
  • Darele a alguien la gripe (to catch the flu/ go down with the flu/ influenza);
  • Estar con gripe (to have the flu/ to be down with the flu);
  • Contagio de la gripe (flu infection/ contagion);
  • Gripe aviar (bird flu);
  • Gripe común (common/ ordinary flu);
  • Gripe pandémica (pandemic flu);
  • Gripe porcina (swine flu);
  • Inmunización contra la gripe (flu/ influenza immunisation/ vaccination)
  • Malestar de la gripe (flu like feeling of discomfort/ body aching);
  • Pandemia de gripe (flu pandemic);
  • Pasársele a alguien la gripe (to have recovered from/ to be over the flu);
  • Pescar la gripe (to catch the flu/ go down with the flu/ influenza- colloquial);
  • Pillar la gripe (to catch the flu/ go down with the flu/ influenza - colloquial);
  • Tener gripe (to have the flu/ influenza);
  • Tener la gripe (to have the flu/ influenza);
  • Tener síntomas de la gripe (to have the flu/ influenza symptoms);
  • Vacuna contra la gripe (flu/ influenza immunisation/ vaccination);

**NB In some specific countries in Latin America, "coger" (action word/ verb) has a sexual connotation. That localisation does not extend to the whole of Latin America nor Spain, where "coger" is widely used. If in doubt, you should use alternative expressions.

Some examples of the use of the word "gripe" are:
  • ¿Qué se puede hacer para no coger la gripe? (what can be done to avoid going down with the flu?);
  • Me parece que me va a dar la gripe (I feel I am going down with the flu);
  • ¿Como se puede prevenir el contagio de la gripe? (how can flu infection/ contagion be avoided?);
  • Estoy con gripe desde hace unos días (I have been down with the flu for a few days);
  • La gripe aviar es una enfermedad infeccciosa (bird flu is an infectious disease);
  • La gripe común es una enfermedad infecciosa (common flu is an infectious disease);
  • La gripe pandémica es rara (pandemic flu is rare);
  • La gripe porcina es una enfermedad infecciosa (swine flu is an infectious disease);
  • ¿Cómo se puede aliviar el malestar de la gripe? (how can the flue like feelings of discomfort be relieved?);
  • De momento no se espera una pandemia de gripe (at present, a flu pandemic is not expected);
  • ¿Todavía no se te ha pasado la gripe? (have you recovered from the flu yet?);
  • ¿Qué se puede hacer para no pescar la gripe? (what can be done to avoid going down with the flu?);
  • ¿Qué se puede hacer para no pillar la gripe? (what can be done to avoid going down with the flu?);
  • Tengo gripe desde hace unos días (I have have had the flu for a few days);
  • Tengo la gripe desde hace unos días (I have have had the flu for a few days);
  • Tengo síntomas de gripe desde hace unos días (I have have had flu symptoms for a few days);
  • Ha comenzado la campaña de inmunización contra la gripe (the flu immunisation campaign has began);
  • En el mundo hacen falta miles de millones de dosis de vacuna contra la gripe al año (thousands of millions of flu vaccine doses are required in the world per annun);


Love-Spanish.com loves the word "gripe" in the YouTube clip: La gripe Trío Pambil

For more on the word "gripe", visit: Wordreference.com/es/en/ Gripe*

*NB 'Click' on the speaker icon next to the word “gripe” in the link to hear the word pronounced.

This is another Free online Spanish lesson from Love-Spanish.com. We conduct Spanish lessons online on a wide range of topics using the latest video conferencing facilities. Online lessons are the ideal way to improve listening and speaking skills. For more details on our lessons online and how to book them, please visit:

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© Copyright 2013 Love-Spanish.com. by Jose M González. All Rights Reserved.

Monday 28 January 2013

At What Time Did You Arrange To Meet?


SCENARIO
Imagine you are talking to a relative, a friend or a work colleague. You are talking about a past event/ activity. The event/ activity in question involved you having to get together with other people. The other person wants to know more about your arrangements for that meeting and says to you something like: "at what time did you arrange to meet?"

In Spanish, the other person could choose to be less formal and say:
¿A qué hora quedasteis*?

Alternatively, he/ she could choose to be more formal and say:
¿A qué hora quedaron* (ustedes)?

*NB Please note that “quedar” is a Spanish action word/ verb with several English meanings. One of those meanings, a commonly used one, is to arrange a meeting/ appointment.

OUR TIP
The question is an invitation for you to state the time you arranged to meet other people. When stating the time at which you (together with other people) did something, you do not need to be concerned about the level of formality in the original question. Your main concern should be about saying when you arranged to meet.

Here are some examples of how you could reply:
  • (Quedamos) a la una menos cuarto (we arranged to meet at a quarter to one)*;
  • (Quedamos) a la una y media (we arranged to meet at a half past one)*;
  • (Quedamos) a las dos menos veinte (we arranged to meet at twenty to two)**;
  • (Quedamos) a las cinco y diez (we arranged to meet at ten past five)**;
  • (Quedamos) a las siete en punto (we arranged to meet at seven o'clock)*;


*NB Please note the difference between these expressions and telling the time expressions, such as “(es) la una menos cuarto” or “(es) la una y media”.

**NB Please note the difference between these expressions and telling the time expressions, such as “(son) las dos menos veinte” or “(son) las siete en punto”.

Now you should practise answering the question:
¿A qué hora quedasteis?

This is another Free online Spanish lesson from Love-Spanish.com. We conduct Spanish lessons online on a wide range of topics using the latest video conferencing facilities. Online lessons are the ideal way to improve listening and speaking skills. For more details on our lessons online and how to book them, please visit:

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Sunday 27 January 2013

Tell Me, Do You Like Those Shoes Of Yours?


SCENARIO
Imagine you are talking to a relative, a friend or a colleague . You are talking about clothing and shoes. At some point, the other person says to you something like: "tell me, do you like those shoes of yours?".

In Spanish, he/ she could choose to be less formal and say to you:
Dime, ¿te gustan esos zapatos tuyos?

On the other hand, he/ she could choose to be more formal and say to you:
Dígame, ¿ (a usted) le gustan esos zapatos suyos?


OUR TIP
The question is an invitation for you to say whether or not you like your own shoes. When saying something about things which belong to you, you do not need to be concerned about the level of formality in the other person's question. Your only concern should be about the reply you are going to give:

Here are some examples of how you could reply:
  • Estos zapatos míos* me gustan porque son cómodos (I like these shoes of mine because they are comfortable);
  • Estos zapatos míos* me gustan porque son de piel (I like these shoes of mine because they are made of leather);
  • Estos zapatos míos* me gustan porque están de moda (I like these shoes of mine because they are in fashion);
  • Estos zapatos míos* no me gustan porque me hacen daño (I don't like these shoes of mine because they hurt my feet);
  • Estos zapatos míos* no me gustan porque me son pequeños (I don't like these shoes of mine because they are too small for me);

Now you should practise replying to someone who says to you:
Dime, ¿te gustan esos zapatos tuyos?

*Please see grammar below

Grammar-Possessives
Spanish possessives can be either adjectives or pronouns. In either case, Spanish possessive adjectives and pronouns are used to indicate relationships of 'belonging' between possessions and their corresponding possessors.

    1. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns indicate a relationship of 'belonging' between a possessor and the corresponding possession(s). Key features of Spanish possessive pronouns are:
  • Spanish possessive pronouns must agree in gender and number with the possessions they replace/ stand for.
  • Possessive pronouns are preceded either by:
    • A definite article (el/ la/ los/ las)
    • The verb “ser


Singular Possession
Plural Possessions
Possession Gender
Mine
mío
míos
Masculine
mía
mías
Feminine
Yours (familiar)*
tuyo
tuyos
Masculine
tuya
tuyas
Feminine
Yours (formal)*
suyo
suyos**
Masculine
suya
suyas**
Feminine
His/ Hers
suyo
suyos**
Masculine
suya
suyas**
Feminine
Ours
nuestro***
nuestros
Masculine
nuestra***
nuestras
Feminine
Yours (familiar)****
vuestro***
vuestros
Masculine
vuestra***
vuestras
Feminine
Yours (formal)****
suyo***
suyos
Masculine
suya***
suyas
Feminine
Theirs
suyo***
suyos
Masculine
suya***
suyas
Feminine

Table 1 - Possessive Pronouns

  • Some examples of the use of possessive pronouns are:
    • Este libro es mío (this book is mine);
    • Esa foto es muy bonita, pero la mía lo es más (that photo is very nice, but mine is more so);
    • Esos libros son tuyos, ¿no? (those books are yours- you singular, aren't they?- familiar);
    • Esos cuadernos son muy bonitos, pero los tuyos lo son más (those notebooks are very nice, but yours are - you singular, more so- familiar);
    • Ese libro es suyo, ¿no? (that book is yours- you singular, isn't it?- formal);
    • Ese cuaderno es muy bonito, pero el suyo lo es más (that notebook is very nice, but yours- you singular, is more so- formal);
    • Pedro también tiene libros . Estos son los nuestros y aquellos son los suyos (Pedro also has books. These are ours and those are his);
    • Ese libro es nuestro, ¿no? (that book is ours, isn't it?);
    • Ese cuaderno es muy bonito, pero el nuestro lo es más (that notebook is very nice, but ours is more so);
    • Ese libro es vuestro, ¿no? (that book is yours- you plural, isn't it?- familiar);
    • Ese cuaderno es muy bonito, pero el nuestro lo es más (that notebook is very nice, but ours- singular is more so);
    • Esos libros son suyos, ¿no? (those books are yours- you plural, aren't they?- formal);
    • Esos cuadernos son muy bonitos, pero los suyos lo son más (those notebooks are very nice, but yours- you plural are more so- formal);

*NB All forms of possessive pronouns in these table rows stand for/ replace possessions belonging to “you”- singular.
**NB These plural forms (“suyos”/ “suyas”) stand for multiple possessions belonging to a single owner (you- singular or him/ her)
***NB These singular forms (“suyo”/ “suya”/ “vuestro”/ “vuestra”) stand for a single possession belonging to/ shared between multiple owners (you- plural, us or they)
****NB All forms of possessive pronouns in these table rows stand for/ replace possessions belonging to “you”- plural.

    2. Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives indicate a relationship of 'belonging' between a possessor and the corresponding possession(s). Key features of Spanish possessive adjectives are:
  • Spanish possessive adjectives must agree in gender and number with the possession they accompany.
  • When placed before the possession (perhaps the more common arrangement), possessive adjectives take the following forms:


Singular Possession
Plural Possessions
Possession Gender
My
mi
mis
Masculine/ Feminine
Your (familiar)*
tu
tus
Masculine/ Feminine
Your (formal)*
su
sus**
Masculine/ Feminine
His/ Her
su
sus**
Masculine/ Feminine
Our
nuestro***
nuestros
Masculine
nuestra***
nuestras
Feminine
Your (familiar)****
vuestro***
vuestros
Masculine
vuestra***
vuestras
Feminine
Your (formal)****
su***
sus
Masculine/ Feminine
Their
su***
sus
Masculine/ Feminine

Table 2 - Possessive Adjectives (i)

  • Some examples of the use of this form of possessive adjectives are:
    • Mi amigo se llama Pedro (my friend's name is Pedro);
    • Mis amigos están aquí (my friends are here);
    • Tu amigo se llama Pedro, ¿no? (your friend's name is Pedro, isn't it- familiar);
    • Tus amigos están ahí, ¿verdad? (your friends are there, aren't they- familiar);
    • Usted y su amigo son españoles, ¿no? (you and your friend are Spanish, aren't you?- formal);
    • Usted y sus amigos son españoles, ¿no? (you and your friends are Spanish, aren't you?- formal);
    • Pedro y sus amigas son españoles, ¿no? (Pedro and his female friends are Spanish, aren't they?
    • Pedro y sus amigos son españoles, ¿no? (Pedro and his friends are Spanish, aren't they?
    • Nuestro amigo Antonio es español (our friend Antonio is Spanish);
    • Nuestra amiga Lucía es española (our friend Lucia is Spanish);
    • Nuestros amigos son españoles (our friends are Spanish);
    • Vuestro amigo Antonio es español, ¿no? (your friend Antonio is Spanish, isn't he?- talking to more than one person/ familiar);
    • Vuestra amiga Lucía es española, ¿no? (your friend Lucia is Spanish, isn't she?- talking to more than one person/ familiar);
    • Ustedes y su amigo son españoles, ¿no? (you- plural and your friend are Spanish, aren't you?- formal);
    • Ustedes y su amiga son españoles, ¿no? (you- plural and your female friend are Spanish, aren't you?- formal);
    • John y Ann dicen que su casa es muy antigua (John and Ann say that their house is very old);
    • John y Ann dicen que sus amigos viven en España (John and Ann say that their friends live in Spain);

*NB All forms of possessive adjectives in these table rows accompany possessions belonging to “you”- singular.
**NB These plural forms (“sus”) accompany multiple possessions belonging to a single owner (you- singular or him/ her)
***NB These singular forms (“su”/ “vuestro”/ “vuestra”) accompany a single possession belonging to/ shared between multiple owners (you- plural, us or they)
****NB All forms of possessive pronouns in these table rows accompany possessions belonging to “you”- plural.

  • When placed after the possession*, possessive adjectives take the same form as possessive pronouns, as follows:


Singular Possession
Plural Possessions
Possession Gender
My
mío
míos
Masculine
mía
mías
Feminine
Your (familiar)**
tuyo
tuyos
Masculine
tuya
tuyas
Feminine
Your (formal)**
suyo
suyos***
Masculine
suya
suyas***
Feminine
His/ Her
suyo
suyos***
Masculine
suya
suyas***
Feminine
Our
nuestro****
nuestros
Masculine
nuestra****
nuestras
Feminine
Your (familiar)*****
vuestro****
vuestros
Masculine
vuestra****
vuestras
Feminine
Your (formal)*****
suyo****
suyos
Masculine
suya****
suyas
Feminine
Their
suyo****
suyos
Masculine
suya****
suyas
Feminine

Table 3 - Possessive Adjectives (ii)

  • Some examples of the use of this form of possessive adjectives are:
    • Ese amigo mío es Pedro (that friend of mine is Pedro);
    • Esa amiga mía es Ana (that friend of mine is Ana);
    • Ese amigo tuyo es Pedro, ¿no? (that friend of yours is Pedro, isn't he?- familiar);
    • Esa amiga tuya es Ana, ¿no? (that friend of yours is Ana, isn't she? - familiar);
    • Ese amigo suyo es Pedro, ¿no? (that friend of yours is Pedro, isn't he?- formal);
    • Esa amiga suya es Ana, ¿no? (that friend of yours is Ana, isn't she? - formal);
    • Antonio y unos amigos suyos vinieron a vernos (Antonio and some friends of his came to see us);
    • Antonio y unas amigas suyas vinieron a vernos (Antonio and some female friends of his came to see us);
    • Antonio y unos amigos nuestros vinieron a vernos (Antonio and some friends of ours came to see us);
    • Antonio y unas amigas nuestras vinieron a vernos (Antonio and some female friends of ours came to see us);
    • John y Ann son amigos vuestros, ¿no? (John and Ann are friends of yours, aren't they?- familiar);
    • Lucy y Ann son amigas vuestras, ¿no? (Lucy and Ann are friends of yours, aren't they?- familiar);
    • Los padres de Antonio y unos amigos suyos vinieron a vernos (Antonio's parents and some friends of theirs came to see us);
    • Los padres de Antonio y unas amigas suyas vinieron a vernos (Antonio's parents and some female friends of theirs came to see us);

*NB In this arrangement, the possession is usually preceded by a demonstrative, an indefinite article, verb “ser”, etc.
**NB All forms of possessive adjectives in these table rows accompany possessions belonging to “you”- singular.
***NB These plural forms (“suyos”/ “suyas”) accompany multiple possessions belonging to a single owner (you- singular or him/ her)
****NB These singular forms (“suyo”/ “suya”/ “vuestro”/ “vuestra”) accompany single possessions belonging to/ shared between multiple owners (you- plural, us or they)
*****NB All forms of possessive pronouns in these table rows accompany possessions belonging to “you”- plural.

Now you should practise the use of possessives with some examples of your own.

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